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fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< endobj Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. 4 0 obj =d@O=SG6oIJp2S8Fn+(jX7aTD45YhG`k^cEHnC&mks!rB]8_5KPOEE149Y0-Kq%$- 'nSn"$Z /H /I /SA true /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] << ?I$ endobj JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ The only sign language known to be used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. Adverbs, in Egyptian, are at the end of a sentence: For example, in z.n nr m ("[the] god went there", lit. 32 0 obj Middle Egyptian has been well-understood since then, although certain points of the verbal inflection remained open to revision until the mid-20th century, notably due to the contributions of Hans Jakob Polotsky. ^oq. Mn`E4(0+=$+qoZTV_t:b)%gRWI9UAcTcMW"LXDD189AM*m5L:i,6Tr.rsl<67Z<3k "For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God: the Lord thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth" (Deut. 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. qL4K>mg=GR0lpep`FIa$>a7Y:6[49h\rJK6gLC*A [44] Later, probably 1000800 BC, a short stressed */u/ changes to */e/: n.t "Tanis" */unat/ was borrowed into Hebrew as *un but would become transcribed as e-e'-nu/a-a'-nu during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, clear Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only in school and is the lingua franca of educated persons throughout the Arab world. O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks The Egyptian language was an Afroasiatic language that was spoken in Ancient Egypt. /Contents 32 0 R 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. The Egyptian language is among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus. << /Parent 163 0 R 6qRjkb)=1/=#oe3h-hR^g2JsP&Cc0qc7phsWr2k,RP`>17GbV)941SWH4SH@n=V/eZ3D_7Qnq'Tqjd3tp% /S /URI /Parent 163 0 R PnKNmf4G9Od2mR?m8X:r"+9AT3/\H8V I);RcnU+r$eGQNGnK"Ut57.dW`"UQ!/c!g_-6l6d?qCtg2KSgYZL"$*q?TrP?T#%$ 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 /Subtype /Link b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL ]CV7ES?7U4>1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# /Contents 32 0 R `J<9++@?26SE7]2a,Vie)I!lOkj:p?>/l]s-boVUSl=O+.MhsF-XG`[6KD,YlTbH" Eleven of these women all incarcerated for nonviolent offenses, which one could argue is beside the point shared their firsthand accounts with Cosmopolitan. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "went [the] god there"), m ("there") is the adverb. "great [is the] god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. Egyptians speak a continuum of dialects. Old Egyptian, Classical Egyptian, and Middle Egyptian have verb-subject-object as the basic word order. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. /Type /Annot The consonant system of Coptic is as follows: *Various orthographic representations; see above. ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 ?\XgX-8`[P/$nTU(F%@=0>fBmj:ai##0Ch]9FF$Gl O5Fm+XFW,E Literary Arabic is the official language of Egypt.. Main spoken language. They bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and Berber counterparts: Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms. Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: z nfr ("[the] good man") and zt nfrt ("[the] good woman"). O29mQMd,FL>CZB\15?j":]^X&PfREFG#57@d)jK_#]%L-e%`uIPhSL&HK0kdkR,%J B(>bi,EUaP*fX'AlAR,%E3;iL,j71$Z6d$lLjG^VBX(baT$Jk`Su\211(kmXc9s": LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ For all other purposes, the Egyptological pronunciation is used, but it often bears little resemblance to what is known of how Egyptian was pronounced. `")*AH,o7pi:&u4$8#\/M^l7:$o,7_B+%\Ygr.Al`oN4U`XYE[JK6=Q- M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 /Subtype /Link XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi !I#U_ [45], Earlier *d g q are preserved as ejective t' c' k' k' before vowels in Coptic. German and Russian are also used in tourism. &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG them were used on a regular basis. )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. \Ad;o0Lg0! %@SR#j_KL!U8=$.C\aJ=$k47_*1&:6oU8,b Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ [35][citation needed] 14 0 obj (2008) "Aspect vs. :lNUjkE6R+$5F4,1jAL(6T*^:R[^Dm-4L$2sBPPds`>e;9kp 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC *+sM[ogMLCe7:A]!g[GWO3kBFYrtDi:Tqa+Q,"8j`j&8a_Dm'S]pG6&oOG!sIZq';1M! endobj /A 26 0 R There are multiple possibilities: Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before it was recorded; the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach; or, as G. W. Tsereteli suggests, Afroasiatic is an allogenetic rather than a genetic group of languages. << The Coptic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet, with adaptations for Egyptian phonology. '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f RY/Qb(=8+_IuIHW\"TU.ZlPt "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL Coptic survived past the 16th century only as an isolated vernacular and as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic Churches. 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 [17] During the period of the British influence, French was actually the medium of communication among foreigners and between foreigners and Egyptians;[18] the mixed French-Egyptian civil courts operated in French, and government notices from the Egyptian Sultan, taxi stand information, timetables of trains, and other legal documents were issued in French. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! d%e$8Z,AM!6P@JZU.GVWK?Rg?J!4FaE(-*>1b>$#k<7A9)3TBZ[]Q)oXJec?nJ!Jb 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) VL3K0JiCq=LAO%(/*Ge$? p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W ee+q-j77NZSJ9>Y5P1flW43;"N>E;P0-[O;9a_\*C*(?YB :$AZ9:8B3f8\V=TXY]3:8)&kKorN@Xf3KWWPHhQiUU [X9F5tG0+V[U((1sJobKVN2=TK+5td9W,*DBr[N*PX,q rh\f 8 0 obj Y?Wf6nk5Rs [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< \o-)#M.6j":'[XXX%u:Oh!JSgd-IG+rk3Brb7^09q#)02J%t?arM_>l:CDbJfb$Mq AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W ;0Bg!=M`(]N 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( endobj nVAom_IW3>#1pl>YXDkb/-;YY'sd%6 XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ lm&1kRI 'O*OK$$;%;";R^fbtOK][Ang-e$GXN2V1Ug&,Js\]>gIXj,\"$JZ'jb On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX @V`G+5YCqM#`2E?beY#k)@*i8BN\PGUKtHbHZ9ZM_6J2JAgrO,ha>NiXWdK]!eq4: /Type /Annot 6]/iI#=u312)p$j/T0*6SH]\NK8AYU`:qkO (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH \Ad;o0Lg0! 6E4tAas\7H6g2gRs3O%VHfSeJRq#k@cXko6@iAMbI`O/Wj'aQ(\U !Q'6 LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& The English name of the book derives from the Septuagint (Greek) use of "exodus" to designate the deliverance of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage and their safe passage through the Sea of Reeds (traditionally . KiZGN5/C+>XBi!BZPd&J@p-W_=]uU!>?=#O#A=LCl?i@4:4PsG5J^fS@b5C(f+fIS K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN Required fields are marked *. @)!X*d3otCP Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> Categories . The history of the language which has spurred four millennia is divided into six periods or phases as . \Ad;o0Lg0! Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). dOs*B>l! Hieroglyphs were primarily used on . endobj HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! [47][nb 2], Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d g q: Sahidic and Bohairic */dib/ 'horn'. "9-JT`,]]iK.T *(d%CpG.On\rH&TQ5^Hs#-m.UcLAt+?3Mil=]`q2aFf* @(in*: Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. /A 37 0 R DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 H.`EfAflCjCb?_QL.q'fOO^@P'VJQ6:jiR@\DD@U]'oSSMUq)9g73IR@E'9eL.DB) LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). The term "Archaic Egyptian" is sometimes reserved for the earliest use of hieroglyphs, from the late fourth through the early third millennia BC. [19] In addition the usage of French in the media was at the greatest extent in this period. p\EoCoL\F_-i4&r\fg0`QfMN^Z-i(>g=? A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B FC\E1+JL=AUl1-s;@$If=#O6VEeuF`k[KVTU&8iAii"R-/_"LD%VTmIg-R-fdK#k; ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' >> lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; ,;q/u+_:6XU1MuJ4:6SI3$W?QLmhq8?i!#;SKn,IU`3,J#a`FEF6lFqi We're here to tell all of you that God loves you. 9q]At2tr**ji9='GGio`YG\n=)(+#/m_AY:q:"r>b(q[,WAQa)k&:+G^3T_aFcHtS )uXbG\P7NZk9Ls(g9@-8r@q]eAhg't%>\I';O$Pm?r\e!IhsB8L)eeL47]tiD3.2W 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg God loves you," Roumie declared in a Middle-Eastern accent. 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` /Type /ExtGState p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f )`J`I%qPDaI9a K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? The Egyptian language survived through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period in the form of the Coptic language. quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ .4j"Nlk)MTInX /Type /Annot 3 0 obj e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? ;:.tCnU0S>OVm;Cl.WKo/1n6*OnOSkNc:P`(BPSTnA^%U=9LG]=8/^J/1mQ33i8@V" \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX Tablia is a circular traditional dining table, on . The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks endobj lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ Jq>b9d.EQe>X9u=,l#HQO"h+);_1Hi,KPQt8?81";BY`*LoP\p]JbZ^Z9V`HF='0> "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 4:27). /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( Our nearly yearlong investigation also turned up thousands of pages of internal ADCRR emails, incident reports, and other documents exposing a hastily launched labor experiment for which women were explicitly chosen. << fG#65GZ%s)XJDfC,,X&0rA*"qCBMYr,Pu"!#dZ3_1c,hDn'"(h/O3n. >> ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX << 3DV=?? It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. /Subtype /Link )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r Siwi Berber is well mutually intelligible with neighbouring Libyan Berber dialects.[11]. 12 0 obj :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du Y?Wf6nk5Rs O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? No vowels were written out. 2:]e#]qm*@I@G7P;uu$i'N@$Lr2Vff*',`OnS;s6,nAb@2[Q.kUa0[tOOG$g;Cr)- ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, U1"E/8]if:k:R' `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ k^8SlINno^*\-.Wib$-.N9D.a/gFlk&aJ)-k`Cp7ek"%Cr0G&?`ceo$+Nk\deqe(d ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t ^oq. [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e In transcription, a, i, and u all represent consonants. The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! \u=sj? g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; /Subtype /Link =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM ] Q*;ciqniDP-WVX"+go/5PS. O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD /Type /ExtGState Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ endobj [29], Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) X@U$*>olMR:CX_`mEA:^mA.E"Q^hBE W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J endobj DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 .qF1sD>_4NIeiiXhq>boH,"f82uU2a$,'/OR@0a6:"4u4_Q+bio#=#[8XQaXENrL% @L8)T6#rjYrg )5Aq40@4E2^E:C The emphatics * and * (an asterisk indicates a hypothetical form derived from later attestations) seem to have merged with originally nonemphatic stops. .4j"Nlk)MTInX << o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y << g`XmI*24_R"icPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF )5Aq40@4E2^E:C Demotic is the name of the script derived from hieratic beginning in the 7th century BC. M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du 2 0 obj /Subtype /Link BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O k)d@:"+0_ada"^Hn6DdRqs!O&/+? 'HijDT_C`o/#g4QZ3LLeR)@W4/#eN82u/8gd5[jBMYt6A?E34FkSFT $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk [52], Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF The "Koin" dialect of the Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was used in the philosophy and science of that culture, and was also studied by later Arabic scholars. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> Direct contact with foreigners over a long period has led to the incorporation of many loanwords into Cairene colloquial Arabic. Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and nearly all Egyptian Muslims adhere to its Sunni branch. q.L2/%u7Z!WXkF2\?jHQG'Y9Ai+D]0%[f7[i,j"s!jW7B3PNgc:_A+.B2]pu'egBS. )m8/Er\'+XD+PSgo3At]FfGfJ%hsp[uhX:I_kqL*MnCB 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! )UB+?lc,l-2p0^/%Sr&ac&?OBBggQYS;\f>%M:3",qrk*MfBu\ViYXt(h5]Tj[8## @Z P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. h_YKrs.n(f1;=ul;1(ec+NpO^o34GjfrUkFUD_4;fHTbn1`4d5s66\L,r]ihq? =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). p(Z)_6W_(UksR(eM`#[dXojRP_ZljH-H=1>?lhrK5%aW=oFFSqNY)@a*(/*L=GM:E Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp