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146 0 obj /A 607 0 R >> /P 535 0 R /P 17 0 R /Contents 366 0 R /P 17 0 R >> >> << /Mendeley#20Recent#20Style#20Name#204_1 (Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition \(author-date\)) << /TT1 289 0 R >> These operators should modify the DayOfYear object so that it represents the next day. /A 397 0 R /P 17 0 R /Fm0 295 0 R /Pg 35 0 R /P 586 0 R Various dampers and stops can be found on different designs to reduce shock and limit travel in certain directions. /K 62 << /A 520 0 R /Pg 35 0 R endobj /StructTreeRoot 6 0 R /GS2 309 0 R 228 0 obj /S /Normal 239 0 obj >> /S /Normal endobj Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. /P 592 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 123 /S /Tabelle_content /A 542 0 R 267 0 obj /ExtGState << /K 59 /Pg 35 0 R >> endobj << /XObject << /P 427 0 R >> /K 54 >> /S /Normal >> -moves the thrust of the rotor and the lift of the helicopter, pulling it in the direction of the tip path plane. /K 13 86 0 obj >> /P 660 0 R /A 460 0 R /A 638 0 R /P 17 0 R 3 Instead, an engine-driven adjustable fan is located inside the tail boom. /K 144 /Resources << /A 481 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /TT3 336 0 R << /Count 0 << Often designs using flextures incorporate elastomeric bearings. /A 454 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] ] /Name /ZaDb Downward bending due to weight of the rotor blades when at rest, Force acting on a rotating body developing outward from the center of rotation, which overcomes blade droop, Upward bending of blades caused by lift and limited by centrifugal force, Circular surface formed by the rotor blades, Difference in lift that exists between the advancing blade half of the disk area and the retreating blade half, By hinge pins or elastomeric bearings << endobj /P 558 0 R /Chart /Figure endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 35 0 R /Pg 41 0 R /A 677 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R null 226 0 R null 227 0 R 228 0 R >> /S /Span CONTROLLED FLAMBING ANTI-CRASH COMPOSITE STRUCTURE FOR AIRCRAFT. /A 553 0 R /A 596 0 R >> endobj /K 140 >> /Contents 379 0 R >> /K [21 270 0 R] /Sh12 319 0 R >> endobj >> /A 511 0 R >> 46 0 obj /Mendeley#20Document_1 (True) /Encoding 8 0 R /K 8 /Type /Page >> >> 45 0 obj << /TT0 310 0 R << 124 0 obj >> /P 521 0 R 88 0 obj 73 0 R 130 0 R 73 0 R 131 0 R 73 0 R 132 0 R 73 0 R 133 0 R 73 0 R 134 0 R /Tabs /S This, in turn, changes the amount of countertorque, and the aircraft can be rotated about its vertical axis, allowing the pilot to control the direction the helicopter is facing. >> >> /Prev 11 0 R endobj /Fm0 295 0 R endobj Only associated with fully articulated rotor systems, Tendency of a helicopters main body to move in the opposite direction of the main rotor when power is applied, Process of producing lift w/the rotor blades as they freely rotate from a flow of air up through the rotor system. /S /Tabelle_content /K 9 /S /Tabelle_content /Mendeley#20Recent#20Style#20Id#203_1 (http://www.zotero.org/styles/american-sociological-association) /ExtGState << << /ExtGState << /P 658 0 R << 197 0 obj >> >> /K 162 77 0 obj << /P 435 0 R 40 0 obj endobj /A 571 0 R /GS0 288 0 R << /Font << /S /Normal If you missed part one, then perhaps go back and read this before continuing as this provides an overview on structural loading and design. /P 423 0 R /Strong /Span /P 17 0 R << /CS0 [/ICCBased 287 0 R] Main transmission gearbox accessory section Helicopter cabins have a variety of seating arrangements. /K 186 /S /Normal /S /Artifact /K 173 /TT0 310 0 R /K [8 264 0 R] 10 0 obj The loading consists of Internal pressure applied by the fuel. /Font << /TT3 313 0 R /Mendeley#20Recent#20Style#20Id#209_1 (http://www.zotero.org/styles/nature) 206 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1 31 0 obj endobj /K 131 /Lang (EN-GB) 9 0 obj These rotors are usually made of a composite structure. /Sh1 339 0 R 123 0 obj This is in contrast with helicopters or other rotary wing ight vehicles that generate lift using rotating blades. /Resources << Figure 6 shows a fully articulated main rotor system with the features discussed. /Count 6 endobj 255 0 obj /S /Span /Type /Metadata 66 0 obj /Pg 35 0 R /Fields [] >> /K 3 /TT3 291 0 R >> << /A 456 0 R endobj /S /GoTo 266 0 R null 107 0 R 267 0 R null 108 0 R 109 0 R 268 0 R null 269 0 R /S /Tabelle_content /P 17 0 R stream /Annotation /Span 14 132 0 R 16 133 0 R 18 134 0 R 20] << 11 0 obj >> >> /Parent 14 0 R >> /Pg 26 0 R Thankfully, Igor Sikorsky had the idea to install a tail rotor to counter this torque reaction and provide directional control. 129 0 obj /S /Normal 233 0 obj /Font << 68 0 R 123 0 R 68 0 R 124 0 R 70 0 R 125 0 R 70 0 R 126 0 R] << << In addition, the purpose of an airplane goes a long way in the manufacturers' decision to use a particular type of metal, especially the metal used in the plane's frame and body. /A 440 0 R >> endobj << From Wikipedia." airplane model kit at the price of 83.99 GBP with 1001hobbies, the AModel specialist. >> 29 0 obj /Pg 35 0 R The skins ability to carry and transmit shear is reduced if the skin is allowed to buckle; this forms a constraint that determines the spacing of the stringers and frames. 159 0 obj endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Im0 363 0 R /XObject << /K 69 -mechanically connected to the main transmission gearbox through a main driveshaft, Transmits torque from the power turbine to the main gearbox and is dynamically balanced, Main transmission gearbox 82 0 obj << >> /Pg 35 0 R /K 48 << >> /TT1 313 0 R /P 505 0 R endobj Two critical conditions are considered; horizontal crash landing and 6 g maneuver. /P 425 0 R 68 0 obj -rotation about this axis is called YAW and is controlled by anti-virus pedals, -Runs from one side of the Aircraft to the other side /P 17 0 R Modern Humanities Research Association 3rd edition (note with bibliography) >> /A 584 0 R >> endobj /S /Tabelle_content << >> /Type /Page Aluminium has many advantages over steel. areas are at the fuselage upper part and at the joints of the fuselage frames to the wing spars. 91 0 obj /Font << /A 515 0 R << >> << << << /Lang (EN-GB) These metals offered more stability and greater protection from the elements. /Title (3. << 0. /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /ModDate (D:20170508211034+01'00') /K 147 /D [41 0 R /XYZ 104 267 0.0] /P 17 0 R /Parent 14 0 R In others, it's a hollow carbon-fiber or aluminum tube. 133 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /Normal >> /Fm2 297 0 R endobj >> /K [16 268 0 R 269 0 R] /Lang (EN-GB) A team of enthusiats at your service. /Pg 35 0 R /Tabs /S 264 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) >> 165 0 obj endobj /Sh5 323 0 R /S /Normal "Integral frames made of CFRP may replace differential constructions, due to higher stiffness, and . << /A 634 0 R 244 0 R null 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R null 250 0 R null /Pg 33 0 R /S /Tabelle_content /K 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Lang (EN-GB) /Next 23 0 R /S /Sect /P 17 0 R /Pg 26 0 R The structural system, or frame, is similar to the fuselage of an airplane. >> 185 0 obj -uses free turbine principle for PTO to drive the main trans. /P 437 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /K 415 0 R << /DR << endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /P 530 0 R According to Wikipedia, the semi-monocoqne fuselage structure is preferred when constructing an all-aluminum fuselage. /S /P /Contents 372 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj << >> /XObject << endobj /S /Normal /A 441 0 R endobj 5 0 obj >> endobj /Font << endobj >> 204 0 obj /Pg 35 0 R /A 539 0 R 144 0 obj /P 17 0 R /K 182 /K 5 152 0 obj /A 504 0 R /Pg 24 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 >> 3 0 obj >> endobj /Differences [24 /breve /caron /circumflex /dotaccent /hungarumlaut /ogonek /ring /tilde 39 /K 10 endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /P 630 0 R /Type /Pages 166 0 obj The evolution of composites Wood and dope and fabric structures in the 1930s and '40s gave way to thin-skinned adhesively bonded aluminum structures in the 1950s and '60s. /S /Normal /Pg 35 0 R /P 17 0 R /Sh6 324 0 R endobj /P 624 0 R >> /Fm0 295 0 R endobj 208 0 obj /Type /Page /Pg 43 0 R /P 508 0 R /A 468 0 R >> /D [24 0 R /XYZ 104 737 0.0] /K 171 They are designed to take up the forces of blade hunting and dissymmetry of lift by flexing. /Im0 368 0 R >> >> Tandem Rotor. The fuselage is one of the primary contributors to the total drag force produced by an aircraft in flight and so must be carefully shaped to be as aerodynamic as possible in an effort to minimize drag. endobj >> /Lang (EN-GB) >> endobj /S /Normal /K 1 /S /Strong /Parent 16 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 63 0 obj /Pg 33 0 R Air is vented out of two long slots on the right side of the tail boom, entraining main rotor wash to hug the right side of the tail boom, in turn causing laminar flow and a low pressure (Coanda Effect). /Count 4 73 0 R] /Pg 42 0 R 196 0 obj 268 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K [5 120 0 R] << /P 597 0 R /Fm3 298 0 R 205 0 obj 116 0 obj /ColorSpace << [Figure 1-13] Helicopter airframes consist of the fuselage, main rotor and related gearbox, tail rotor (on helicopters with a single main rotor), and the landing gear. 177 0 obj /XObject << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Kids [24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R] /Lang (EN-GB) << >> /S /Author 134 0 obj /Sh8 356 0 R [Figures 10], {getWidget} $results={3} $label={recent} $type={list1}. Landing skids Some helicopters have wheels, but most have skids, which are hollow tubes with no wheels or brakes. >> /Mendeley#20Recent#20Style#20Name#207_1 (Modern Humanities Research Association 3rd edition \(note with bibliography\)) /TT0 310 0 R 210 0 obj /Helv 9 0 R Acknowledgements) endobj /A 518 0 R /Im0 359 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 42 0 R endobj >> The constructor should then initialize the integer member of the class to represent the day specified by the month and day of month parameters. /A 447 0 R >> << /K 122 >> >> /S /Span << endobj >> /Count 4 /Sh9 357 0 R << << /TT2 329 0 R /Pg 25 0 R /GS0 307 0 R and Review ?. "The Tempo project deals with using new fuselage structures and assembly tasks to reduce the time and cost of current states of production," says Brieskorn. >> Install and secure the hardware onto the front mounting bracket. 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R /Pg 43 0 R /P 626 0 R /Im0 334 0 R 218 0 obj /A 445 0 R /K 6 Other important ight subsystems, illustrated in Figure 1.1, are the horizontal tail, the vertical tail, and the engines. /GS0 288 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC] 108 0 obj endobj 202 0 obj /K 92 262 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> << endobj /Fm2 297 0 R /TT2 313 0 R 2 0 obj << /Sh12 342 0 R endobj In many models, a frameless plastic canopy surrounds the pilot and connects in the rear to a flush-riveted aluminum frame. endobj May or may not actuate during blade folding, -self exited vibration, which occurs on the ground >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Resources << helicopter frames consist of the fuselage. >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 10 << 235 0 obj 163 0 obj /D [25 0 R /XYZ 104 520 0.0] Graphite-epoxy is one of several types of composite materials that are becoming widely used for many aircraft structures and components. The fuselage is the name given to the main body of the aircraft and houses the pilots, crew, passengers, and cargo. /P 17 0 R endobj 266 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-GB) The invention relates to a helicopter fuselage of the type including a central structure to which are linked a front structure, a rear structure and a landing gear, and which supports a transmission gearbox, a main rotor and at least one engine (50), and of the type in which the central structure includes a skeleton (16) fitted with covering elements which define the external shape of the . /S /P helicopter frames consist of the fuselagetaylor phillips model age. >> By continuing here you are consenting to their use. << >> << << >> /S /Title /ExtGState << endobj >> /S /Tabelle_content /Pg 42 0 R >> /Pg 35 0 R << /BaseFont /ZapfDingbats /A 678 0 R /Tabs /S endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 36 0 R 183 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R /P 17 0 R /K 104 274 0 obj Popular Products of Ring lock Helicopters / Aircraft Docking Systems Scaffolding with Horizontal Stabilizer by Aircraft Scaffolding - Beijing Kangde General Equipment Co.,Ltd. << What is the purpose of the cyclic control stick? 254 0 obj Determine the suitable material for each of the component. /K 4 /S /Tabelle_content >> << This low pressure causes a force counter to the torque produced by the main rotor. gearbox has provisions for operating in the event of a single failure /Contents 369 0 R -rotary rudder counteracts torque developed by the rotor head. << /Pg 35 0 R /Type /Page 171 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R >> /Resources << /P 17 0 R 189 0 obj << /TT1 291 0 R /TT3 313 0 R 1 [53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R] Here we are only going to consider the semi-monocoque design philosophy, and how it relates to the fuselage structure. << /CS1 [/ICCBased 306 0 R] /P 17 0 R << >> >> >> /A 665 0 R /Rotate 0 /Lang (EN-GB) /K << /Lang (EN-GB) /K 0 endobj /Parent 4 0 R /Pg 35 0 R >> << endobj /GS0 307 0 R /Pg 24 0 R 191 0 obj 3 Wing Contents Providing lift is the main function of the wings of an aircraft. << 25 0 obj /TT0 310 0 R << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 17 0 R /S /Artifact /Lang (EN-GB) /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis /eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /Pg 35 0 R endobj /K 166 /S /GoTo /Contents 331 0 R /A 413 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /K 11 >> /Rotate 0 As such, they can absorb vibration that would normally be transferred by steel bearings. endobj Frames are transverse elements that define the cross-section of the fuselage. endobj 207 0 obj /Pg 41 0 R /K 7 endobj endobj The load-bearing skins are attached to the stringers and frames of an aluminium aircraft through rivets. /DropCap /Figure endobj /Lang (EN-GB) >> Collective Control The collective-pitch lever is responsible for up-and-down movements. /Lang (EN-US) /S /P >> << /Pg 35 0 R /CreationDate (D:20170508211016+01'00') << /K [4 122 0 R 10 123 0 R 12] << endobj >> /TT1 333 0 R In this post well be focusing on the fuselage; specifically, we discuss the design of a typical semi-monocoque structure, and the various structural components and loadings that contribute to the final design. Large frames are required at the wing-fuselage and tail-fuselage interface to transmit the loads generated by these lifting surfaces into the fuselage. /GS0 307 0 R >> /K 149 /Lang (EN-GB) >> /K << endobj /Mendeley#20Recent#20Style#20Id#206_1 (http://www.zotero.org/styles/ieee) 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 121 0 R] << endobj endobj /A 605 0 R The wings consist of two essential parts. Position the helicopter and drill holes for the front mounting bracket. /Mendeley#20Citation#20Style_1 (http://www.zotero.org/styles/harvard1) /Pg 35 0 R 172 0 obj >> /Pg 36 0 R Using a 2mm self tap screw, access the rear bracket hole and tap a drill hole for the rear bracket. /Pg 30 0 R endobj There is of course some balance that must be sought between low aerodynamic drag and payload and passenger comfort. /Resources << /P 17 0 R /A 450 0 R /A 467 0 R /A 389 0 R /Pg 35 0 R /P 422 0 R /P 549 0 R /K 52 /P 17 0 R /K 72 /F5 293 0 R /S /Normal /P 17 0 R /K 70 /P 17 0 R /A 448 0 R >> 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R null 196 0 R null 197 0 R 198 0 R /S /Normal 8 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) % /brokenbar 168 /dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine 172 /logicalnot /.notdef /registered /macron /K 0 /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) http://www.zotero.org/styles/american-medical-association This design methodology was born out of the use of aluminium, rather than steel or wood, as the primary structural material used to manufacture airframe structures. Ordinarily, helicopters have between two and seven main rotor blades. /A 485 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /ExtGState << 157 0 obj << /P 576 0 R 179 0 obj /Fm0 295 0 R Does not affect attitude of the fuselage. << /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /Font << /Pg 35 0 R >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 287 0 R] 151 0 obj /Pg 35 0 R 257 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 35 0 R << endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 12 ++ prefix and postfix increment operators. /S /Tabelle_content endobj /Pg 35 0 R Typically, a composite component consists of many layers of fiber-impregnated resins .