His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Omissions? however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. id The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. "[5] The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. (2020, August 27). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum Encyclopedia.com. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. 22 Feb. 2023 . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. 12 talking about this. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Updates? The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake.
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