Molecules | Free Full-Text | Lipase Inactivation Kinetics of Tef Flour saves raw materials; In a process for the hydrolysis of fats and oils, forming the fat into a substantially liquid phase having a linear velocity ranging from 101 to 105 feet per hour, contacting the liquid phase with a gas phase containing water and having a linear velocity ranging from 103 to 106 feet per hour to perturb the liquid phase and to thereby induce extreme turbulence in the liquid phase and to cause ow of the gas and liquid phases in the slug and annular regions, and heating the liquid phase while it is being contacted by the gas phase to cause relatively rapid hydrolysis of the fat in the liquid phase. A 11 00:48 Sample preparation01:07 Hydrolysis01:38 Filtration and Rinsing Reference methods in food processing and food quality control provide data . Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The percentage yield of ester was /Parent 5 0 R 1n order to obtain the greatest rates of hydrolysis in my process, the higher temperatures vwithin the range specified are preferred. Thus, a number of oxidation reactions could easily be carried out with any process and apparatus under conditions of extreme turbulence within the reactor which is characteristic of my invention. Comparing with the middle compound the leftmost and rightmost compound will certainly have higher rate of hydrolysis due to presence of good leaving group $\ce{PhS^-}$. In processed meats, these flavors are collectively known as warmed-over flavor. concentrations of 1M for all reactants except water which is taken at its characteristic concentration of 55M) the Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis varies from -28 to -34 kJ/mol (i.e. This chemical process continues during frozen storage, though more slowly at lower temperature. >> How to skip confirmation with use-package :ensure? How To Decrease Butt Fat By Exercise - YouTube I would expect there to be some degree of neighbouring group participation by the SPh (forming a sulfonium ion, followed by water attacking) This can only happen in the trans configuration, however it requires ring flip into the higher-energy trans-diaxial conformation. 2004 Feb;286(2):E217-25. Hydrolysis | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Stability of a Lipase Extracted from Seeds of - Hindawi In this process, the triglyceride is treated with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and the products obtained are soap and glycerol. Deduce the molecular formula of this ester. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Plan an experiment to hydrolyse an oil and measure the rate of hydrolysis. (1 mark), fossil fuels used Exercise intensity and duration are important determinants of fat oxidation. By creating this turbulence in the liquid phase, a great improvement occurs in the mass transfer rates which makes a correspondingly great improvement in the hydrolysis rate. Monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature but start to harden when chilled. [3] Similar to rancidification, oxidative degradation also occurs in other hydrocarbons, such as lubricating oils, fuels, and mechanical cutting fluids. These terms are delined in my article entitled, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow, published in the Chem. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which greatly improved reaction rates are obtained. The slowing down of chemical processes is important in food storage. ;$1J0rt+$BnSx b^8r?PemUS(4 H:R!]2@!2A =!o`Q B>cl/VM4i7 TprE01q h6)KP5Smbkn _Zg[`c3(t^-3Of!6 n_$j'UN;=`lx!eFA3QGgIZXlh70]>&Cl/DWQ?.Jg@@yr*JU\oXph6'(TtT"$30g4)((M)_Dp UVW"a4x[A_I(?&hV[| CtwANr 6$b"*20K*^LV.0^K+5 government site. results in greater rate of collision increases yield, favours products. Such an increasing trend in the flour FFA contents at 6 and 8 min could be due to the hydrolysis of fats favored by the high temperature (>100 C, Figure 1) and by the residual lipase activity in the flours during the treatment . [6], Despite concerns among the scientific community, there is little data on the health effects of rancidity or lipid oxidation in humans. ^l7"2aAJ!gpK~WvRb2_c3NJ2. In this case, the gas phase will cause the desired tunbulence in the aqueous liquid phase and the liquid fat phase to cause mass transfer to again occur and to thereby create a high rate of hydrolysis. The duration and intensity of exercise training required to induce changes in fat oxidation is currently unknown. % Compound A, HCOOCH2CH2CH3, is an ester. A (i), (ii) and (iii) only I need to compare the rates of hydrolysis of these three compounds. The If both of the streams are traveling upwardly, the gas velocity would normally move as fast or faster than the liquid. By definition hydrolysis is either $\ce{S_N1}$ or elimination.But water being a weak base (and weak nucleophile) $\ce{S_N1}$ is preferable. C (ii) and (iv) only However, these ow conditions are also influenced by the relative velocity of the gas and the liquid phases. Dilute Acid Hydrolysis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. When the glycerized mixture from the fat cyclone was recycled, the total `conversion rose to 70 percent with no apparent limitation on the degree of hydrolysis. He demonstrated that the hpid fraction of the raw sewage sludge accounted for approximately 50% of the biodegradable COD of the sludge. Figure 12.2: Schematic of four phases of biogas production. (Don't suck in your stomach !) Saturated fats and trans fats are solid at room temperature. Natural antioxidants include ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocopherols (vitamin E). It is stored in adipose tissue. Fats undergo a variety of reactions. The hydrolytic polycondensation reactions and final product can be controlled by adjusting the hydrolysis reaction, which was investigated under a variety of conditions, such as different. Wrap a tape measure around your waist over your belly button. Water acts as co-substrate in a enzymatic fat hydrolysis reaction. At room temperature, they exist as solids. `The reactor 10 is maintained at a suitable temperature and preferably at a temperature ranging from 150 to 350 C. The liquid phase which is flowing through the reactor is perturbed by a gas phase to cause extreme turbulence within the liquid phase. ' The hydrolysis of fat is the reaction of fat with potassium hydroxide to produce soap and glycerol. 2023 Apr;21(2):193-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.01.004. Although its high protein content, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibers have many health benefits, lupine (Lupinus sp.) >> (ii) CH3COOH \p+*s]_v;(d^/h)7m$JpSqjEI)3PM4r+{teTUn The neutral fat hydrolysis rate averaged 0.63 +/- 0.07 d (-1). >> fatty acids . Considering the current trend of (bio)circular and zero-waste food production, crustacean and bivalve processing side streams (CBPS) seem a promising and emerging resource for producing high-value-added products. Possible Investigations Investigate the effect of changing the concentra tion of the enzyme on the rate of the reaction. This fat mixture was pumped at the -rate of grams per minute into a preheat section and heated to 200 C. and then metered into the reactor. Fat hydrolysis in a food model system - Academia.edu A place where magic is studied and practiced? The unreacted fat or partially hydrolyzed fat in the residue of the separator 21 is recirculated through a pipe 26 and fed into the reactor 10 for reuse. PDF Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Glycidaldehyde (CASRN 765 I would expect there to be some degree of neighbouring group participation by the SPh (forming a sulfonium ion, followed by water attacking) This can only happen in the. In 1813, Michel Eugene Chevreul, a French lipid chemist, Also, it is possible to reverse the procedure described above and to utilize my process and apparatus to make esters instead of hydrolyzing them. 2. (b) Waxes, which yield fatty acids and long-chain alcohols upon hydrolysis. Because of the nature of free-radical reactions, the reaction is catalyzed by sunlight. This is because they are hydrophobic and consist of long hydrocarbon chain. fvK5^bdECjP1F)~h:b~Q]*prUV!\4TZh eKjq2H7P(ek ,"C!CC0fL2D#L{ ;Dtuna:*hXeGB}b @ g6ER@c )7:8)2jZ Sqg3O@0:GEpTkU. Cv m (S YdH4;r?6^(O^bd0!`r@,BFh9Z4b90V0~tR3J e45b q`(EpPXM#3S*%TIXk! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Rates of hydrolysis - practical videos | 16-18 students This great improvement in mass transfer rates is caused by an increased rate of molecular collisions within the liquid phase and also because of a great increase in the interfacial area between the liquid and gaseous phases. B (i) and (iii) only Why is the metric system recommended globally to the U.S. system of Check labels on food to see what type of fat it has in it. 8 0 obj The activation barrier with the presence of sucrose at the active site is lowered by the factor of 34.23 kJ/mol.. Activation energy is the amount of energy required by the reactant to convert into the product.The activation energy for the reaction is given as:. Suitable feeding means 16, such as a T, is provided on the inlet end of the reactor l0. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which superheated steam can be utilized as the gaseous phase. Enzymes - Structure, Classification, and Function - BYJU'S The site is secure. The best strategy is not just to limit saturated fats it's also to replace them with healthier unsaturated fats. This process gives glycerine-water effluent and fat effluent streams. Diabetes Type 2 And Alcohol - Klarity Health Library /Parent 5 0 R Nutritional strategies for promoting fat utilization and delaying the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise. Hence, an understanding of the factors that increase or decrease fat oxidation is important. Name it. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which rapid mass transfer in all phases is utilized. Fats are composed of triglycerides. The rate at which you have to add the acid is a measure of the rate of hydrolysis of urea. The hydrolysis index was calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) for hydrolysis (0-180 min), with the product as a percentage of the corresponding AUC with refined wheat bread. /F2 12 0 R To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. stream $\ce{PhS^-}$ is a better leaving group than $\ce{Cl-}$ due to mesomeric effects. Careers. Why does neighbouring group participation happen? Pytka MJ, Domin RA, Tarchalski JL, Lubarska MI, oyski MS, Niziski J, Piskorski J, Wykrtowicz A, Guzik P. J Clin Med. Hydrolysis reaction Figure 4 showed that the amount of free fatty acids (ffa) generated from enzymatic fat hydrolysis reaction was increasing with higher level of moisture content. The vaporized fatty acids, glycerine and the steam are removed from the separator through a pipe 22 and are supplied to a distillation unit 23 which again can take the form of a cyclone separator which is utilized for distilling the fatty acids and glycerine from the steam as shown in step 34. Int J Sports Med. Manipulation of dietary carbohydrate and muscle glycogen affects glucose uptake during exercise when fat oxidation is impaired by beta-adrenergic blockade. Calculate the percentage of the fat that had hydrolysed. The fat can be in the form of a solid if it can be fed at a uniform and controlled rate. Equation propyl methanoate; 1) Soxhlet Extraction (SOX) For fat extraction, AOAC method 960.39 was employed [ 17 ]. This is an easy way to get a rough estimate. In vitro starch hydrolysis was slower in all rye breads than in the control, and the structure of continuous matrix and starch granules differed between the rye and control breads. Complicated. Although a relatively large range of ow conditions can be utilized in my process in my apparatus, I have found that the liquid phase can have a linear velocity ranging from l01 to 105 feet per hour and that the gaseous phase can have alinear velocity of 103 to 106 feet per hour while still achieving flow in the slug or annular regions. Solubilization rate of cassava pulp increased with increasing temperature of microwave heating treatment and . In the foregoing Examples I, II and III, the linear velocity of the liquid phase and the linear velocity of the gas phase were within the limits hereinbefore set forth. Effervescence / evolves a gas; Predict which one of the compounds, propan-1-ol, propanal and propanoic acid will have the highest boiling point. They are the esters which consist of three units of fatty acids that are linked to glycerol. There is a relationship between the mass transfer rates and the rate of ow of the liquid and the gas phases in the reactor. Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity - CDC In Dungeon World, is the Bard's Arcane Art subject to the same failure outcomes as other spells? From the foregoing, it can be stated that the preferred flow conditions for the accomplishment of a rapid reaction with random mass transfer are in the slug and annular regions. Name this ester and write an equation for its reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide. /ProcSet 2 0 R MeSH Ways to lower your cholesterol Eat less fatty food To reduce your cholesterol, try to cut down on fatty food, especially food that contains a type of fat called saturated fat. Eat more vegetables and fiber-filled foods A higher fiber intake is linked to a lower risk of belly fat, Derocha says. >> Investigate the effect of . In this study, obtaining a sweet lupine protein concentrate (SLPC) hydrolysate with a high degree of hydrolysis (DH . Ring flip definitely happens. Another object of the invention is to provide apparatus of the above character which is relatively simple and which can be constructed relatively economically. 8600 Rockville Pike By use of my process and reactor, it should be possible to cause this reaction to occur between a water phase and a tetrachlorobenzene phase lby ruse of extreme turbulence induced into the liquid phase Eby a gas phase even though the phases are relatively immiscible. Although I have described my process and -apparatus primarily in conjunction with the hydrolysis of fats and oils, my process and apparatus has applications to other hydrolytic processes. A 44 In women, 35 inches or more is a sign of visceral fat. ln general, it is an .object of the present invention to Iprovide a process and apparatus for the hydrolysis of fats and oils which will overcome the above named disadvantages. A study from Harvard researchers in the March 2018 issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that consuming monounsaturated fats, especially from nuts and olive oil, can lower a person's risk of heart disease especially if the healthy fat replaces saturated fat and refined carbs (which can also raise LDL levels). Describe the experimental conditions and the practical method used to ensure that the acid is obtained in a high yield. 2022 Dec 22;12(1):98. doi: 10.3390/jcm12010098. >> They are derived from glycerol and fatty acids, especially triglycerides. endobj At a D (in) of 450 microm, fat particles were found to inhibit methane production during the initial 20 h of digestion. Expeller-pressed A machine presses the oil from coconut flesh, often with the use of steam or heat. [8][9] Animal studies show evidence of organ damage, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and advanced atherosclerosis, although typically the dose of oxidized lipids is larger than what would be consumed by humans.[10][11][12]. A process as in cl-aim 5 wherein the gas phase is steam and wherein an excess amount of steam is introduced into the reaction zone beyond that required stoichiometrically to enhance the `formation of the reaction product in the vapor phase. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on fat metabolism. /Contents 7 0 R Would you like email updates of new search results? `.l$e=!l$ qSE!7J5X z'izT)va6L&E3yc20n3[*fo9L'CI]`T\4p>AOIj!cJxSy)[F3oRe4F#z@4s. Before A double bond of an unsaturated fatty acid can be oxidised by oxygen from the air in reactions catalysed by plant or animal lipoxygenase enzymes,[6] producing a hydroperoxide as a reactive intermediate, as in free-radical peroxidation. as pointed out by - @orthocresol in the comments to the orginal question. D (iv) alone, Products from the acid hydrolysis of the ester CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 include Each Analysis was done in triplicates. Oxidative rancidity can be prevented by light-proof packaging, oxygen-free atmosphere (air-tight containers) and by the addition of antioxidants.[7]. /Font << Prog. At the cathode, hydrogen ions combine with electrons from the external circuit to form hydrogen gas. Give a chemical reagent that would enable the student to confirm the presence of propanoic acid in the extracted compounds. Limit high-fat dairy foods such as cream cheese, 4% cottage cheese or whole milk yogurt; choose nonfat or low-fat varieties. Know the facts about fats - Harvard Health vfatty acids and glycerines probably will be `formed in a liquid phase and, therefore, must be separated from the residue. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above `character in which at least one gaseous phase is utilized to induce turbulence in a stream of liquefied fats or oils. 2177 The process comprises maintaining a lower liquid phase of fats and an upper liquid phase which comprises water. The use of excess steam facilitates the vaporization of the fatty acids and glycerine. It affects millions of people worldwide, and the number of diabetes patients is increasing at an alarming rate. When using apparatus of FIGURE 1 to carry out the present invention, fat is supplied in a suitable form at a continuous and controlled rate to the pipe 17. l ;43,IZ)u0b/Hs:pR oLIT/RM-&}?n4 #EU!O Additional objects and features of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments are set forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. It is, therefore, insoluble in sodium hydroxide and even if the mixture is heated to 200 C., there is no reaction. Negative inductive effect by $\ce{Cl}$ enhances the rate. In chemistry, acid hydrolysis is a process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the cleavage of a chemical bond via a nucleophile substitution reaction, with the addition of the elements of water (H2 O). The steam thus preheated is introduced as superheated steam into the reactor 11. Carbohydrates and Blood Sugar - The Nutrition Source /Filter /LZWDecode Alternatively, the water can be introduced in an aqueous phase and then transformed into the gaseous phase by the application of heat in the reactor. The main steps of the hydrolysis and the purification process are shown in Figure 2. Fats undergo a variety of reactions. ), Adding as a proof that trans reacts faster than cis form during NGP in cyclohexane ring. Martn-Manjarrs S, Leal-Martn J, Granados C, Mata E, Gil-Agudo , Rodrguez-Gmez I, Ara I. Healthcare (Basel). PDF Investigating the Hydrolysis of Fats and Oils - University of York For fat extraction, four different methods were followed 1) Soxhlet Method; 2) Acid hydrolysis; 3) Bligh and Dyer; 4) Folch Method. Rancidification is the process of complete or incomplete autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture, or bacterial action, producing short-chain aldehydes, ketones and free fatty acids. (2 marks). In the reaction, 6.0 g of the alcohol gave 7.4 g of the ester. 3. US3428660A 1969-02-18 Process for recovering fatty acids and triglyceride oil from soapstock. When steam is used as the `gas phase as explained above, an aqueous liquid phase is unnecessary. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? steam) during the violent turbulence which occurs within the confined reaction zones so that odor bodies and smalll amounts of fatty acids are stripped from the oil phase and removed in the effluent vapor (c g. steam) phase with the substantial absence of hydrolysis. (4 marks), Adv The fat was introduced into the reactor at the rate `of 100 grams per minute and the water wasv introduced at a rate of 70 grams per minute. The cusp point of the oxidation curve (the point where a rapid rise in the conductivity starts) gives the induction time of the rancidification reaction,[15] and can be taken as an indication of the oxidative stability of the sample. 1 0 obj Antimicrobial agents can also delay or prevent rancidification by inhibiting the growth of bacteria or other micro-organisms that affect the process.[1]. Digestion - University Of Utah Carbon produced/given off/formed causes global dimming, Draw the repeating unit of the polyester Terylene that is made from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol. 6. Enzymes help disassemble big molecules such as carbs, proteins, and fats into smaller ones that are easily absorbed into the bloodstream. The mass transfer which occurs in my process, as explained above, causes hydrolysis to occur even though the steam and the fat are inherently immiscible. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. 2. Refined: The copra is machine-pressed to release the oil. molecules is done using the base sodium hydroxide. No attempt was made to isolate the glycerine. 5.4: Digestion and Absorption of Lipids - Medicine LibreTexts The mass spectrum of this ester shows a molecular ion peak at m/z = 136. Thus, pressure, temperature, gas composition, the proportion of gas to liquid, etc., all can be varied .within parameters set forth above to accomplish the desired results. Fatty acids hydrolysis - Big Chemical Encyclopedia With a single pass through the reactor, the hydrolysis was l5 percent `of `the possible hydrolysis which theoretically could occur. Also, the concentration of glycerine is relatively high. The greatest turbulence in the liquid phase occurs when the ow is in the slug region and particularly at the boundary between the slug and annular flow regions. 2 0 obj It is one of the healthy fats, along with polyunsaturated fat. A continuous flow of fat at a controlled rate is supplied through a pipe 17 to the T 16 and to the reactor 10. US3253007A - Process for hydrolysis of fats and oils - Google Thus, processes which are more dependent upon interfacial areas are preferably operated in the annular region. Propanal is formed as an intermediate during this oxidation. The lipids that consist of triglycerides or triesters of glycerol are called fats. The invention can be better understood by reference to FGURBS 1 and 2. Disclaimer. (1 mark), propan(e)-1,2,3-triol or 1,2,3- propan(e)triol, Give a use for the mixture of sodium salts formed in this reaction. There is, therefore, a need for a new and improved process and apparatus for the hydrolysis of fats and oils. (1966) predicted rapid hydrolysis in the acidic pH of the . The percentage yield of ester present was In particular, short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are malodorous. Production of omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids from hydrolysis of This reaction of lipid with water may require a catalyst (such as a lipase,[6] or acidic or alkaline conditions) leading to the formation of free fatty acids and glycerol. 2004 Dec;287(6):E1195-201. /Length 18 0 R [p`-j* !pX 4c72Fx:V9 ?20Or"Ap@4hC@)2) This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. However, this temperature is substantially above the liquifying temperature for steam, and hence this steam can be readily supplied without condensation to the inlet of the reactor through the pipe 24 where it again can be introduced into the reactor. After hydrogenation, they get converted into saturated trans fat. One of the important advantages of my process is that it is unnecessary to condense the steam because the steam can be utilized in the condition in which it is discharged from the distilling unit 23. The volatile oxidation products (largely formic acid[14]) are carried by the air current into the measuring vessel, where they are absorbed (dissolve) in the measuring fluid (distilled water). 12 k B T, BNID 101989) depending on the concentration of the cation Mg 2+. Hence, an understanding of the factors that increase or decrease fat oxidation is important. The final products depend on conditions: the lipoxygenase article shows that if a hydroperoxide lyase enzyme is present, it can cleave the hydroperoxide to yield short-chain fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids (several of which were first discovered in rancid fats). /F3 15 0 R Modification of sorghum starch as a function of pullulanase hydrolysis In such a use, the oil is intimately contacted -by the gas phase (e.g. Antioxidants are often used as preservatives in fat-containing foods to delay the onset or slow the development of rancidity due to oxidation. US2582899A 1952-01-15 Autoclave reactor. This involves the formation of compounds that have unpleasant odours and flavours within the food. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which the glycerine and/ or fatty acids can be volatilized into the vapor phase. Try adding more high-fiber vegetables, such as broccoli and spinach, to. The hydrolysis experiments were carried out at a temperature of 40C, an incubation time of 90 minutes, and pH 8.0-9.0. In the stomach, gastric lipase starts to break down triacylglycerols into diglycerides and fatty acids. In healthy individuals, insulin promotes the storage of glucose a simple sugar you get from food in the. In biological hydrolysis, the water molecules react with large biomolecules and break them into smaller components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of Lactose hydrolysis References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,333,328 3/1920 Martin 23-285 2,156,863 5/1932 Mills 260-415 2,005,447 6/ 1935 Wurster 260-415 2,134,571 10/ 1938 Moi-lock 23--285 2,190,616 2/ 1940 Thurman 260-415 2,221,799 11/ 1940 Ittner 260--415 2,233,845 3/ 1941 Mills 260-415 2,267,750 12/ 1941 4Robisch 260-415 2,495,071 1/1950 Mill-s 260-415 2,645,651 7/ 1953 Mortenson 260-415 2,980,731 4/ 1961 Alheritiere et al 260-415 CHARLES B. PARKER, Primary Examiner. In the latter process, the triglyceride undergoes hydrolysis to form glycerol and carboxylic acid. Oxidative stress, phospholipid loss and lipid hydrolysis during drying Bookshelf II but utilizing the steam equivalent to grams of water per minute. When the reactor is operated at a pressure which is near or greater than approximately p.s.i. endstream The hydrolysis of fats using sodium hydroxide is known as saponification. In addition, rancidification can be decreased by storing fats and oils in a cool, dark place with little exposure to oxygen or free radicals, since heat and light accelerate the rate of reaction of fats with oxygen. Assume that the Porsches maximum speed is 80.0 m/s and the police cars is 54.0 m/s. endstream How can I cut down on saturated fats? Triglycerides present in fats can be hydrolyzed in the presence of a base, an acid, or lipases.
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