The micro should be an extremely low power device even if this raises the cost of the project. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. About 50,000 were sold in Britain, primarily to hobbyists, and initially there was a long waiting list for the system. Microcomputer Applications - Quiz 1 Flashcards What do research studies tend to confirm about online learning? Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. The handwriting recognition software was much maligned for inaccuracy. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. Linux - Wikipedia For easy replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a vacuum tube. microcomputer: A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC , a computer designed for an individual. Shareware is a software program that is given away by the author for others to use free of charge. His daughter named the new machine after the star Altair. After the success of the first LEO, Lyons went into business manufacturing computers to meet the growing need for data processing systems in business. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. . Operators directed actions by touching a light gun to the SAGE airspace display. It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Instead of designing a custom controller, two young engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) -- Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro -- do something unusual: they develop a small, general purpose computer and program it to do the job. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. -The Massive Open Online Course (M O O C). What is the best statement about your choice of a microcontroller for the project? They did. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers. _____ account allows changes that affect other users, changes to security settings, installation of software and hardware, and access to all files on the computer. The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. FoxBase was originally released for the Apple II in 1984, followed by versions for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, and Atari ST. A version for the Macintosh was also released in 1985. Xerox wasnt interested. OS/2 will continue to be used in special Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. Three types of the M3 were available two types that measured either temperature or pressure and one that could take images. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs. The result was the Relay Interpolator, later called the Bell Labs Model II. The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3) is the smallest computer in the world at the time of its completion. Computers | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum A computer could write it with a laser instead. Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. True/False B. 0.5 out of 0.5 points. Customers got a machine with a 233-MHz G3 processor, 4GB hard drive, 32MB of RAM, a CD-ROM drive, and a 15" monitor. Compaq's success launched a market for IBM-compatible computers that by 1996 had achieved an 83-percent share of the personal computer market. Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. Micral Computer: Everything You Need To Know Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARMs low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC). These tables were later confirmed by using more modern computers for the actual flights. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. The project became the One Laptop per Child Consortium (OLPC) founded by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of MIT's Media Lab. It was widely used in DEC's workstations and servers, as well as several supercomputers like the Chinese Sunway Blue Light system, and the Swiss Gigabooster. Xerox PARC physicist Gary Starkweather realizes in 1967 that exposing a copy machines light-sensitive drum to a paper original isnt the only way to create an image. The TI 99/4 sold well and led to a series of TI follow-on machines. Information Management System Chapter 3 Quiz - CourseBB Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. The LINC is an early and important example of a personal computer, that is, a computer designed for only one user. Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for nearly two decades. IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. The IBM PC-RT had 1 MB of RAM, a 1.2-megabyte floppy disk drive, and a 40 MB hard drive. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. The 2116A also marked HP's first use of integrated circuits in a commercial product. Nine of the computers, which featured dozens of advanced design innovations, were sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users. server. An inspiring summer school on computing at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering stimulates construction of stored-program computers at universities and research institutions in the US, France, the UK, and Germany. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shacks first desktop computer the TRS-80 sells 10,000 units. In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. Chapter5.docx - CHAPTER 5 1. QUESTION 1 During the 1980s In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. Which of the following is not one of the kinds of interaction that Moore said characterized online courses? Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? The 6600 retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC 7600, in 1968. The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best-selling model of home computers of all time. Built in Sydney, Australia by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for use in its Radio physics Laboratory in Sydney, CSIRAC was designed by British-born Trevor Pearcey, and used unusual 12-hole paper tape. It was built in Washington DC as a test-bed for evaluating components and systems as well as for setting computer standards. At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announces it will create a program to deliver technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries. Friedl used the SCAMP prototype to gain approval within IBM to promote and develop IBMs 5100 family of computers, including the most successful, the 5150, also known as the IBM Personal Computer (PC), introduced in 1981. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows. See Answer. What is the Internet standard for how web pages are formatted and displayed? The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. What is the first step when designing and creating a web page or website? SWAC was used to solve problems in numerical analysis, including developing climate models and discovering five previously unknown Mersenne prime numbers. The Altair 8800, produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts, was originally sold as a kit. Apple launches the iPhone - a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone - which could download new functionality in the form of "apps" (applications) from the online Apple store. Using this system, the machine could work faster than any other at the time on a problem that could be parceled out among the many processors. These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions. While larger than the previous G4 towers, the G5 had comparatively limited space for expansion. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. Kilburn (left) and Williams in front of 'Baby'. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. Sun Microsystems grows out of this prototype. Which of the following is not a benefit offered by simulations? During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. . A (n) _____ is a computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. The World Wide Web was invented in the 90s The first digital computing services were invented in the The first commercial computers were available in First PCs in the First Cell phones in the 1940s 1950 80s 90s The first computer was designed to fire missles A "Bug" is used to describe News of the groundbreaking electronic ENIAC computer that same year inspired the group to change course and attempt a digital solution, whereby flight variables could be rapidly programmed in software. One of the earliest personal computers, the Kenbak-1 is advertised for $750 in Scientific American magazine. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. When Was the First Computer Invented? - Computer Hope's Free Computer Help MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. In his book Giant Brains, Berkeley noted - We shall now consider how we can design a very simple machine that will think. What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) project, led by IBM engineer Wallace Eckert, uses both relays and vacuum tubes to process scientific data at the rate of 50 14 x 14 digit multiplications per second. The First Microcomputer: The Q1 | Hackaday Building a computer into the watch form factor has been attempted many times but the release of the Apple Watch leads to a new level of excitement. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? Harkening back to the hobbyist era of personal computing in the 1970s, Arduino begins as a project of the Interaction Design Institute, Ivrea, Italy. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. The Arduino used a Java-based integrated development environment and users could access a library of programs, called Wiring, that allowed for simplified programming. Apollo was a leading innovator in the workstation field for more than a decade, and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsofts MS-DOS operating system. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. More than one hundred Paragons were installed over the lifetime of the system, each costing as much as five million dollars. Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. Once limited to surfing the Web, browsers are becoming the universal software platform on which end users launch into information searches, E-mail, multimedia file transfer, discussion groups, and many other Internet, intranet, and extranet applications. The motes were powered by a tiny battery and could gain light energy through a photocell, which was enough to feed the infinitesimally small amount of energy a mote consumes (1 picowatt). Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. Motes are also known as smart dust, since the intention is that their tiny size and low cost make them inexpensive enough to sprinkle in the real world to as sensors. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. Intended to be a less expensive alternative to the PET, the VIC-20 was highly successful, becoming the first computer to sell more than a million units. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. According to an independent computer-industry analyst, the new Regent At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. The boss wants it to have a complex user interface with a time display, touch panel buttons and accurate timing for the toast cycle. Franklin was able to undercut Apple's pricing even while offering some features not available on the original. What characteristic is common to most Personalized Learning Systems (PLS)? With a distinctive anodized aluminum case, and hailed as the first true 64-bit personal computer, the Apple G5 is the most powerful Macintosh ever released to that point. The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. The popularity of 16-bit computers, such as the Hewlett-Packard 21xx series and the Data General Nova, led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). high interaction between students and the teacher. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. The Treo sold well, and the line continued until Handspring was purchased by Palm in 2003. The 486 chips remained similar in structure to their predecessors, the 386 chips. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. It was also repeatedly expanded and improved throughout its 13-year lifespan. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. most important part of computer. The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drivesvery useful for large databases of information. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. True False Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. Originally a Cray XT3 system, the Jaguar is a massively parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a US science and energy research facility. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? Answer early modern period 1700 ad to 1899 ad 16 Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. Bruce Arthur Artwick (born January 1, 1953) [1] is an American software engineer. The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. Atlas was the fastest computer in the world at the time and introduced the concept of virtual memory, that is, using a disk or drum as an extension of main memory. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. Commodore even used Star Trek television star William Shatner in advertisements. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apples user community until then. data. Rather than testing components like the SEAC, the SWAC was built using already-developed technology. Level. Virginia Tech used more than a thousand PowerMac G5s to create the System X cluster supercomputer, rated #3 in November of that year on the worlds TOP500 fastest computers. It was based on a graphical user interface using windows, icons, and a mouse, and worked together with other Altos over a local area network. Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? The Apple II, one of the first commercially successful microcomputers, was debuted at the inaugural show of which annual computer industry conference? Accept data (input) 2. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. List of early microcomputers - Wikipedia It was originally created for a nuclear missile design project in 1949 by a team led by Fred Steele. The first commercially advertised US computer based on a microprocessor (the Intel 8008,) the Scelbi has 4 KB of internal memory and a cassette tape interface, as well as Teletype and oscilloscope interfaces. The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. At a cost to computer makers of roughly $700, the ASR-33 Teletype is originally designed as a low cost terminal for the Western Union communications network. Total Cards. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. A Brief History of the Microcomputer - TurboFuture Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. Ross contended that a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer could function as a keyboard input device due to its low cost and flexibility. Johnniac was used for scientific and engineering calculations. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? That goes back thousands of years, of course, and you can guess how they did it. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. Built by IBM using their Blue Gene/Q supercomputer architecture, the Sequoia system is the world's fastest supercomputer in 2012. Which kind of software is required to edit a movie from filmed video footage? The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. H. Edward Roberts, the Florida-born former U.S. Air Force officer who headed MITS, decided to design a small, affordable computer around the Intel 8080. 2. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. D. The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. SSEC goes on display IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC)